Ethnographic Thesaurus – Taxonomic Version (1) September 2007 A general Ab life RT folklife (Awc) Aba everyday life UF daily life Abab domesticity Abb rural life UF country life Abbb farm life UF agrarian life Abbc maritime life Abbd village life Abd urban life UF city life Abdb suburban life Abdc street life Abe occupational life RT work life (Rfd) Abeb academic life UF academe UF university life RT school life (Hv) Abf domestic life Abfb family life Abg public life Abh private life Abj human life RT people (Ua) Abk animal life RT animals (Uk) Abl plant life RT plants (Ux) Abm ecosystems Abq supernatural life UF the supernatural Abr extraterrestrial life Abx afterlife UF life after death Aby lifestyles Abyb hippie lifestyles Abyc yuppie lifestyles Abz quality of life Abzb survival Ac lore SN For the lore of specific groups, subjects, geographic areas, use with the appropriate term; e.g., ANIMALS (Uk) RT folklore (Awb) Acb tradition Acbb little tradition SN Tradition found within small groups. Acbc great tradition SN Tradition found within larger civilizations. Acc types of lore Accc bodylore RT body adornments and alterations (Pbm) Acck childlore Acco organizational folklore Accr occupational folklore UF occupational folklife Accu urban folklore Ad culture Ada community Adb society Adc high culture UF elite culture Add low culture Ade popular culture Adf folk culture UF traditional culture UF vernacular culture Adq subculture Adx counterculture Af heritage RT patrimony (Fgchb) Afb tangible cultural heritage RT material culture (P) Afc intangible cultural heritage Ag nature UF Mother Nature Agb forces of nature RT atmospheric science (Xmg) Agba environment Agbab environmental pollution Agbb climate Agbbb weather Agbbc climate change Agbbcb global warming Agbc earthquakes Agbd volcanoes (forces of nature) Agbe floods Agbf storms Agbfb hurricanes Agbfc ice storms Agbfe tornadoes Agbff typhoons Agbfg sand storms Agbfh snow storms Agbfhb blizzards Agbg drought Agbh tsunamis UF tidal waves Agbj avalanches Agbk earth slides Agbkb mud slides Agbkc rock slides Agbl lightning Agbm thunder Agbn aurora borealis UF northern lights Agbp eclipses Agc human nature Ah information Ahb types of information Ahbb facts Ahbbb artifacts SN Material manifestations of knowledge. Ahbbc mentefacts SN Ideational manifestations of knowledge; mental constructs. Ahbbd sociofacts SN Social manifestations of knowledge. Ahbbe data Ahbc ficts RT fiction (performance value) (Shig) Ahbd news Ahbe propaganda Ahbx misinformation Ai knowledge Aib local knowledge Aid esoteric knowledge Aie traditional knowledge Aif secret knowledge Aig forbidden knowledge UF taboo knowledge Ak wisdom Akb received wisdom Akc common sense Akd public opinion Am experience An memory UF remembering Anb collective memory Anc recall (memory) And recognition (memory) Ane memory retention Anf memory retrieval Ang false memory Anh implanted memory Anj institutional memory Ap imagination Aq play Aw folklore and folklife UF folkloristics Awb folklore RT lore (Ac) Awc folklife RT life (Ab) Awd applied folklore Awdb public sector folklore Awdc private sector folklore B belief SN Aspects of vernacular belief and worldview including personal, social, philosophical, religious and other belief systems. Bd modes of belief Bdb personal beliefs Bdf folk beliefs SN Popularly held beliefs, often but not always, scientifically untenable. UF conventional wisdom UF folk wisdom Bdfs superstitions SN Historically used as a derogatory term, in reference to beliefs considered irrational or founded on fear or ignorance. Do not apply to contemporary folk, vernacular, or ethnic beliefs. UF old wives' tales Bdu disbelief UF unbelief Bdw worldview Bl fortune Blf chance Blg fate Blh destiny Bm luck Bs belief systems Bsb philosophy (field of study) Bsbb metaphysics Bsbc epistemology Bsbd ethics (field of study) Bsbe political philosophy Bsbf applied philosophy Bsbg hermeneutics (field of study) Bsbh aesthetics (field of study) Bsm magic SN The use of supernatural, mystical, or paranormal control over natural forces, events or physical phenomena. Bsmh contagious magic Bsmj sympathetic magic Bsmk magical objects RT ritual objects (Cg) Bsmkb magical texts RT written literature (Law) Bsmkbb black arts book Bsmkbd grimoire SN Usually a book describing magical beliefs and practices, written between the late medieval period and the 18th century, but also any book of magic. Bsml magical signs RT symbols (semiotics) (Kgsj) Bsmlb hex Bsmld pentagram Bsmm magical practices Bsmma evil eye Bsmmb divination UF fortune telling RT divination verse (Lfevd) RT prophetic rhymes (Lfevp) Bsmmbd divination through omens SN Divination through the recording and interpretation of events, or interpretation of texts, objects, or items in the oral tradition. Bsmmbdd palmistry UF chiromancy UF palm reading Bsmmbf cleromancy SN Divination through casting lots such as bones, sticks, cards etc. UF sortilage Bsmmbg augury SN Divination through the ranking of a set of possibilities. Bsmmbh dowsing Bsmmbhb water witching Bsmmbk spontaneous divination Bsmo metamorphoses Bsmob shapeshifting Bsms sorcery Bsmsb witchcraft Bsmsd wizardry Bsp astrology Bsr religion SN The natural and the supernatural as governed by deity or a higher order, organized via a specific system, practiced by a group, and often involving ritual, a code of ethics, and a worldview. RT religious dramas (Ljfr) RT religious poetry (Lfevr) Bsrb general religions Bsrba Abrahamic religions SN Any religion deriving from a common ancient Semitic tradition and traced by their adherents to Abraham, a prophet in the Old Testament and the Qu'ran. Bsrbab Bábism Bsrbad Bahá'ísm Bsrbaf Christianity Bsrbaj Islam Bsrbal Judaism Bsrbd Dharmic religions SN Religions which center on the concept of "Dharma" originating in India. Bsrbdd Buddhism Bsrbdf Hinduism Bsrbh Taoist beliefs UF Daoist beliefs Bsrbhb Taoism Bsrbhd Confucianism Bsrbhf Shintoism Bsrbl religions by category Bsrbla folk religions UF popular religions UF vernacular religions Bsrblb alien-based religions Bsrbld cults SN Religious groups led by a charismatic leader. Bsrblf diasporic religions SN Religions resulting from the forced spread of cultures, such as in Haitian vodou. Bsrblh entheogenic religions SN Religions based on the consumption of mind-altering substances. Bsrblj indigenous religions Bsrblk left-hand path religions SN Used for religions that are considered to have immoral or evil elements, such as Satanism or devil worship. Bsrblm mock religions SN Religions that parody a particular religion, multiple religions, or religion in general, the absurdity may be embraced or taken lightly. Examples include Church of the Subgenius and the Flying Spaghetti Monster. UF parody religions Bsrbln pagan religions Bsrblnb neo-pagan religions SN Used to describe a variety of new religious movements that are influenced by ancient and pre-Abrahamic Pagan religions. Bsrblp revealed religions SN Religions based on revelations given by a deity, and often transcribed into a sacred text. Bsrblq non-revealed religions Bsrbls syncretic religions SN Religions resulting from the attempt to reconcile disparate or contradictory beliefs, often while melding practices of various schools of thought. Bsrbn religions by area of origin Bsrbnb African religions Bsrbnd Caribbean religions Bsrbnf Circumboreal religions Bsrbnh Middle Eastern religions Bsrbnj Near Eastern religions Bsrbnl Native American religions Bsrbnn Pacific religions Bsrbp religious movements Bsrbpb charismatic movements Bsrbpc evangelism Bsrbpd new religious movements Bsrbpf revitalization movements Bsrd religious concepts Bsrda antiritual Bsrdc theism Bsrdcb monotheism Bsrdcbb trinitarianism SN The belief that three spirits or persons inhabit one deity. Bsrdcbd henotheism SN The belief in a single deity with other gods and goddesses as manifestations, or aspects of that supreme god. UF inclusive monotheism UF monarchial polytheism Bsrdcbf eutheism SN The belief that god exists and is good. Bsrdcbh dystheism SN The belief that god exists and is not all good, or is evil. UF maltheism Bsrdcc pantheism SN The belief that god and the universe are equivalent. Bsrdccb panentheism SN The belief that god is part of the universe and yet transcends it. Bsrdcd polytheism Bsrdcdb duotheism SN The belief in two deities, often with mutual power. Bsrdcdd monolatrism SN The belief in the existence of multiple deities while worshipping only one. Bsrdcdf kathenotheism SN The worship of one god at a time while accepting other gods exist. Bsrdce monism SN Reality is made up of only one substance or energy. Bsrdcf dualism SN The belief, in religion or other philosophies, there are two fundamental kinds or categories of things or principles, often opposites. Bsrdcg pluralism (theism) Bsrde animism Bsrdf atheism Bsrdfb weak atheism Bsrdfd strong atheism Bsrdg agnosticism Bsrdh ancestor worship Bsrdi creationism Bsrdj deism Bsrdk fetishism Bsrdl mysticism Bsrdm totemism Bsrdn gnosticism (religious concepts) Bsrdp messianism Bsrdr apocalypticism Bsrdrb millenarianism Bsrdrd millennialism Bsrdt spiritualism Bsrdv antidisestablishmentarianism Bsrg religious doctrines RT heresy (Gjfp) Bsrge sin Bsrgf orthodoxy Bsrgg evil (religious doctrines) Bsrgh good (religious doctrines) Bsrgj spirituality Bsrgk reformation (religious doctrines) Bsrgl intercession (religious doctrines) Bsrgm faith Bsrgn immortality (religious doctrines) Bsrgo secularity Bsrgp religiosity Bsrgq fundamentalism Bsrgr revivalism (religious doctrines) Bsrgs miracles Bsrgt religious ecstasy Bsri religious practices RT ritual (C) RT sand painting (Jmhpsr) Bsrib abstinence (religious) Bsric celibacy (religious) Bsrid fasting (religious) Bsrie adoration Bsrif asceticism Bsrig conversion Bsrii hierophany SN The manifestation of the sacred. Bsrij theophany SN The manifestation of a god. Bsrik meditation Bsril monasticism Bsrim pacifism (religious) Bsrin praise Bsrio prayer Bsrip proselytism Bsriq procession (religious) Bsris spirit possession Bsrit testimony (religious) Bsriu transcendence Bsriv veneration Bsriw visions Bsrix worship Bsrk religious texts UF sacred texts RT written literature (Law) Bsrm religious rituals RT ritual (C) RT sacred music (Mfun) Bsrp religious material culture RT material culture (P) Bsrq deity Bss science and belief SN Practices and opinions based on the systematic observation of the natural world. RT science (Xm) Bv numinous spaces Bx religious studies Bxb theology Bxd comparative religion RT comparative studies (Xbb) Bxf homiletics Bxh liturgics C ritual SN Use for manifestations of belief through recurrent practices in s UF celebrations UF ceremonies UF rites RT ritual dramas (Ljft) Ca ritual knowledge SN Use for parts of ritual sequences signalled rather than actually performed. Cax ritual abbreviations Cb ritual components UF liturgies UF ritual sequences Cc ritual utterances RT ritual poetry (Lfev) RT weeping (Mjsdkvk) Ccc priestly utterances Ccg people utterances Ccj joint utterances Cck solo utterances Ccm exchanges of utterances RT call and response (Mbkchta) Ccn ritual silences Ccp spoken utterances Ccq intoned utterances Ccr incantations RT belief rhymes (Lfevb) Ccrc charms RT belief rhymes (Lfevb) Ccre spells Ccrg summonings Ccs vows Cd ritual gestures Cdb saluting the four directions Cdh laying on of hands Ce ritual movements Ceb ritual processing Ced ritual standing Cef ritual sitting Cek ritual kneeling Cep ritual prostration Cf ritual actions RT ritual dance (Ndxr) RT ritual music (Mfunc) Cfe ritual exchange Cff ritual theft Cfg ritual sacrifice SN giving something real or symbolic to a god or spirit. Cfgb blood sacrifice UF blood rites Cfgc food as sacrifice RT ritual food concepts (Qbg) Cfgd libation RT ritual food concepts (Qbg) Cfgk ritual killing UF ritual executions UF ritual murders Cfgkf foundation sacrifices Cfgkh headhunting Cfgkp human sacrifices Cfgkq animal sacrifices Cfk ritual consumption RT cannibalism (Qjc) RT ritual food concepts (Qbg) Cfkd drinking rituals Cfke ritual meals Cfkee last meal before execution Cfkef consumption of sacred foods Cfkefh consumption of the Host Cg ritual objects RT ceremonial weapons (Pbwb) Cga altars Cgd idols Cgf fetishes Cgh talismans Cghm amulets Cghp apotropes Cgi ritual instruments Cgid wands (ritual) Cgk ritual vessels Cgm ritual materials Cgme materials to be consumed (ritual) Cgmf incense Cgmh smudge smoke Cgmk religious candles Cgmp ritual perfumes Cgms ritual oils Cgr relics Ch ritual clothing RT ceremonial clothing (Pbmcdh) RT masks (Pbmcbbm) Chb vestments Cj rituals Cja liminality SN Use for the transition to and the initial stages of the next phase in the cycle. Cjb pre-birth rituals Cjc birth rituals Cjd baby showers Cje adoption rituals Cjf naming rituals Cjfb baptismal rites Cjg circumcision rites Cjgb bris Cjh puberty rituals Cjhm menarche rituals Cji coming-of-age rituals Cjj coming out rituals Cjk courtship rituals UF courting Cjkd dating (courtship rituals) Cjkk spooning (courtship rituals) Cjkq wooing Cjks bundling (courtship rituals) Cjm marriage rituals UF marriages UF matrimonials UF nuptial rites UF weddings RT wedding music (Mfuncd) Cjmc civil weddings Cjmd handfasting rituals Cjmg group weddings Cjmgb double weddings Cjmn bridal showers Cjmp bachelor parties Cjmq bachelorette parties Cjms shivarees UF charivaris Cjs divorce rituals Cjx death rituals Cjxa pre-death rituals Cjxaw death watches Cjxb funerary rituals Cjxbb embalming Cjxbc cryogenic treatment Cjxbd excarnation SN Removal of the flesh, leaving only the bones. Cjxbf laying out Cjxbg lying-in-state Cjxbh viewing (funerary rituals) Cjxbj funerals Cjxbk cremation Cjxbm burials UF inhumation UF interment Cjxbmg mass burials Cjxbs sati SN The practice of burning the widow with the husband's body. Cjxm mourning rituals Cjxmb wakes Cjxmd draping mirrors Cjxx exhumation rituals Ck rituals by nature RT religious festivals (Ibku) Ckm sacred rituals Ckn profane rituals UF non-sacred rituals Ckp public rituals Cks personal rituals Cm calendar rites RT calendrical events music (Mfuncj) Cmh holidays Cmhd holy days Cmhdf fixed feasts Cmhdm movable feasts Cmhds saints' days Cmhs seasonal rituals Cmhse equinoctial rituals Cmhss solstice rituals Cmhsx cross-quarter day rituals UF quarter day rituals Cn life cycle rituals Cna rites of passage RT birthday parties (Ibrpb) Cp group rituals Cpb acceptance rituals Cpj initiation rituals Cpr rejection rituals Cq institutional rituals SN Use for rituals in which a place, object or organization is the focus of the rituals. Cqd dedication rituals Cqk consecration rituals Cqm deconsecration rituals Cs personal position rituals Cse education ceremonies Cseg graduation ceremonies RT graduation (education) (Hu) Csi investiture ceremonies UF inauguration ceremonies Cu ritual participants Cub ritual subjects SN Use for the subjects of a ritual, e.g., ANIMALS (Uk). Cud religious leaders Cuf priests SN Use for the official practitioners of a religion. UF priestesses UF religious practitioners Cufc Christian clergy Cufca archbishops Cufcb bishops Cufcc cardinals Cufcd deans Cufce priests (Christian) UF ministers UF pastors UF prelates UF vicars Cufcg canons Cufch deacons Cufi Islamic clergy Cufia ayatollahs Cufic caliphs Cufij imams Cufim mullahs Cufj Jewish clergy Cufjb rabbis Cufjc cantors (Jewish) Cufm Dharmic clergy Cufmm magi Cufmp pundits (Dharmic clergy) Cufmr rinpoche Cufms swamis Cufn other religious clergy Cufnd druids Cufnh houngans UF oungans Cufnm mambos (religious clergy) Cufns santeros Cufnsb babalawos Cufnsc babalochas Cufnsi iyaslochas Cufnss shamans Cuh lay ritual participants SN Use for persons other than priests who assist in a ritual. Cuj members of religious orders Cujm monks Cujma abbots Cujmf friars Cujn nuns Cujna abbesses Cujns sisters (nuns) Cuk ritual audiences Cukc congregations Cukp parishioners Cukw worshippers Cum diviners Cumc channelers Cumf fortune tellers Cumj italeros Cumm mediums UF spirit mediums Cumo oracles Cup venerated beings Cupc lwa UF loa Cuph saints Cupm martyrs Cupn mahatmas Cupo orishas Cuw wise folk UF cunning folk Cuwf wise women Cuwm wise men Cv ritual spaces RT remembered spaces (Vyr) Cvc sacred spaces Cvcc consecrated spaces Cvcp polluted spaces (ritual spaces) Cvct taboo spaces D health SN Knowledge, beliefs, and practices that concern conditions of the body and the mind, including diagnosis and prognosis, treatment, and care. Db healing systems UF healthcare systems Dbb folk healing SN Healing systems learned primarily through face-to-face interaction and apprenticeship, cures are sometimes effected through magic, and the ability to be a healer is often a magical endowment. Dbc complementary healing SN Practices which are not considered part of conventional medical practices. UF alternative healing UF complementary therapies UF holistic healing Dbcb acupuncture Dbcc aromatherapy Dbcd ayurvedic medicine Dbce body work SN Used in complementary and alternative healing to describe any therapeutic which involves touching or physical manipulation of the physical body. Dbceb chiropractic Dbced massage Dbcg cupping Dbch homeopathy Dbcj mind-body and relaxation techniques Dbcl naturopathy Dbcn organotherapy SN The treatment of disease by the administration of animal organs or their extracts. Dbcp herbal medicine SN Use of plants or herbs to treat diseases or to alleviate pain. UF botanical medicine UF phytotherapy Dbcr sensory art therapies SN Therapies using arts directed at the senses, like art or music therapy. Dbcs spiritual therapies UF faith healing Dbd conventional healing UF allopathic medicine Dc anatomy Dcb body regions Dcba abdomen Dcbb back Dcbd breast Dcbe extremities (body systems) Dcbea arms (anatomy) Dcbeah hands Dcbef legs Dcbeff feet (anatomy) UF foot (anatomy) Dcbh head Dcbhc cheek Dcbhe ears Dcbhf face Dcbhfe eyes Dcbhfm mouth Dcbhfn nose Dcbhj jaw Dcbn neck Dcbp pelvis Dcbs skin Dcbsh hair Dcbsn nails Dcbt thorax Dcbv viscera Dcs body systems Dcsb musculoskeletal system Dcsbm muscles Dcsbs skeleton Dcsbsh skull Dcsbss spine Dcsbw joints Dcsd digestive system Dcsf respiratory system Dcsj urogenital system Dcsm cardiovascular system Dcsmb arteries Dcsmf veins Dcsmh heart Dcsn nervous system Dcsp blood and immune systems SN Hemic and immune systems. Dcspb blood RT fluids (Dcsw) Dcss sensory system Dcssa ears (sensory system) Dcsse eyes (sensory system) Dcssn nose (sensory system) Dcsst taste buds Dcsu cells Dcsv tissues Dcsw fluids RT blood (Dcspb) Dcsws secretions Dd concepts of the body and mind Df illness UF disorders (illness) UF maladies UF sickness UF unwellness RT eating disorders (Qbehb) Dfb physical illness Dfc mental illness Dfd behavioral illness Dfe spiritual illness Dff critical illness Dfg chronic illness Dfh disease SN For diseases specific to parts of the body, use DISEASE with terms from ANATOMY (Dc), e.g., HEART (Dcsmh). Dfj symptoms Dfk causes of illness Dfm transmission of illness Dfn illness by type UF STDs Dfna age-related illness Dfnb allergies RT food allergies (Qbehf) Dfnd contagious illness Dfnf environmental illness SN Use for illness caused by toxins or chemicals in the environment. Dfnh infections Dfnj injuries Dfnm inherited illness UF genetic illness Dfno social illness SN Use for illness caused by social conditions, such as post-traumatic stress disorder. Dfnq syndromes Dfv folk conceptions of illness Dg gynecologic health Dgf family planning Dgh abortion Dgi infertility Dgj menopause Dgk contraception Dgm menstruation Dgp pregnancy Dgs sexually transmitted diseases Dh healing procedures Dhb diagnosis Dhd prognosis Dhf treatments Dhfb therapies Dhh healing technologies SN Use for all equipment used in healing treatments, therapies and procedures. Dj pharmaceuticals UF medication Djb drug dosage forms UF pharmaceutical dosage forms Djbb capsules (medication) Djbd colloids (medication) Djbdd emulsions (medication) Djbf delayed-action preparations (medication) Djbh drug carriers (medication) SN Use for substances that improve the delivery and the effectiveness of a drug. Djbi extracts (medication) RT foodways (Q) Djbj liniments (medication) Djbl ointments (medication) Djblb vaginal creams, foams, and jellies Djbn solutions (medication) SN Use for liquid preparations containing one or more chemical substances. Djbp powders (medication) Djbr suppositories Djbt tablets (medication) Djd drugs Djda materia medica SN Terms used to describe folk pharmacologies. Djdb designer drugs Djdd drug combinations UF drug cocktails Djdf essential drugs SN Drugs considered essential to meet the health needs of a population as well as to control drug costs. Djdh generic drugs Djdj investigational drugs Djdl prescription drugs Djdm non-prescription drugs Djdo pharmaceutical aids Djdp plant-based drugs Djdpb cannabis Djdq synthetic drugs Djdr prodrugs SN Drugs which are administered in an inactive or significantly less active form, that once given are metabolized into the active compound. Djds street drugs Djdt veterinary drugs Djdu xenobiotics SN Chemical substances that are foreign to the biological system. Djdx nostrums SN Medicines whose effectiveness is unproven and whose ingredients are often secret. Djdy placebos Dk preventative medicine Dkb exercise (preventative medicine) RT fitness activities (Iseb) RT strength, fitness, and flexibility sports (Ise) Dkbb yoga Dkc nutrition RT diet (foodways) (Qbe) Dn reproductive health Dp convalescence Dr disability UF crippled UF differently abled UF handicap UF impairment Drb physical disabilities Drd cognitive disabilities Drf learning disabilities RT special education (Hes) Drs sensory disabilities Dt end of life Dtc palliative care SN Medical care or treatment that reduces the severity of disease symptoms or attempts to slow the disease's progress, rather than providing a cure. Dtd death Dtdb natural death SN Death by natural causes such as disease, old age. Dtde accidental death Dtdh assisted death Dtdhe euthanasia UF medically assisted death Dtdhp homicide Dtdhs suicide Dtq autopsies UF post-mortem examination Dtqb necropsies SN The examination of a non-human corpse to determine the cause and manner of death and determine if any disease or injury is present. Du persons involved in health care Dub caregivers Dubd doctors UF physicians Dubh medical technicians Dubj nurses Dubk physician's assistants Duf hospital administrators Dug organ donors Dup patients Dupb inpatients Dupc outpatients Dupt transplant recipients Dupw terminally ill Dupy survivors Dur researchers (medical) Durs research subjects Dut tissue donors Duv visitors to patients Dux vulnerable populations Dv healing contexts Dvb hospitals Dx health sciences Dxb dentistry Dxbb dental surgery Dxbc orthodontics Dxbd periodontics Dxbe prosthodontics Dxc human medicine (field of study) Dxcb epidemiology Dxcc forensics Dxcd geriatrics Dxce gynecology Dxcf midwifery Dxcg nursing (field of study) Dxch pathology Dxcj pediatrics Dxck psychiatry Dxckb psychoanalysis Dxcl psychology RT behavioral science (Xbi) RT educational psychology (Hb) Dxclb research psychology Dxclc cognitive psychology Dxcld developmental psychology Dxcle social psychology Dxclf abnormal psychology Dxclg psychometrics Dxclj parapsychology Dxclk applied psychology Dxclm clinical psychology Dxcln industrial psychology Dxclp counseling Dxcm surgery (field of study) Dxd anatomy (field of study) Dxe veterinary medicine Dxf nutrition (field of study) Dxg optometry Dxh pharmacology Dxj physiotherapy Dxk public health (field of study) Dxkb hygiene E migration and settlement Eb human migration SN Movement of people, both individually and in groups. Eba immigration SN Movement of people, both individually and in groups, into a country to take up permanent residence. Ebac assisted immigration UF government-assisted immigration Ebb emigration SN Movement of people, both individually and in groups, who leave their country to take up residence elsewhere. Ebbe assisted emigration UF government-assisted emigration Ebc forced migration UF involuntary migration Ebce ethnic cleansing SN Use for the mass expulsion and killing of one ethnic or religious group in an area by another ethnic or religious group in that area. RT crimes against humanity (Gjfs) RT death marches (Ebch) Ebch death marches SN Use for forced marches of persons over long distances and under brutal conditions. RT ethnic cleansing (Ebce) RT genocide (Gjfsb) Ebe diasporas SN The dispersal of cultural or ethnic groups, whether forced or not, from their original homeland to other parts of the world. Ebf political migration SN Migration of people for political reasons, whether forced for political reasons or chosen for individual ones. Ebh economic migration SN Migration of people for economic benefits, including work and money. Ebj reverse migration SN Use for the return of people to the country or region of the world from which they originally migrated. UF return migration Ebm rural-urban migration UF rural exodus UF rural-to-urban migration Ebn urban-rural migration UF counter-urbanization UF urban exodus UF urban-to-rural migration Ebq amenity migration SN Migration of people to areas, usually rural, for lifestyle or attractive natural resources rather than for economic reasons. Ebr brain drain SN Use for the migration of highly educated, skilled workers out of a country, usually to countries offering better economic and social opportunities. Ebt labor migration SN Use for migration of persons for work. UF labor mobility RT migrant labor (Rcf) Ebx seasonal migration SN Use both for migration of people moving from place to place to work, especially in agricultural harvests, and also for those who move to warmer climates during the winter and back to their original homes for the summer. RT migrant labor (Rcf) RT snowbirds (Eufy) Ec animal migration SN Use for seasonal or periodic movement of animals, in response to changes in climate or food availability, or to ensure reproduction. Ecb reverse animal migration SN Use for movement, usually seasonal, of migrating animals back to where they originally lived. Ecf animal extirpation SN Use for the local extinction of a species, which continues to exist elsewhere. Ecp animal extinction SN Use for complete annihilation of a species. Ee human settlements SN Use for a comprehensive concept that includes the physical components of shelter plus infrastructure services. UF human habitat Eec colonization SN Use for the extension of political and economic control by a state over an area occupied by and belonging to others or for the establishment of a colony whereby people living in a new territory retain ties with their parent state. UF colonies (human settlement) Eecb penal colonies Eecf space colonies Eeg agricultural settlements SN Use for settlements set up for the purposes of agriculture. UF agricultural colonies Eej coastal settlements Eem squatter settlements SN Settlements in or near urban centers, usually lacking services and inhabited by the very poor who have no access to land of their own, and who "squat" on vacant land, either private or public. UF shanty towns UF spontaneous settlements Eg population SN Use for the characteristics of people who inhabit an area, especially their number, density, growth, distribution, and vital statistics. UF human populations Egb population distribution SN Use for the pattern of the distribution of people within a defined area. Egd population density SN Use for the concentration of people within a defined area. Egde rural density UF rural population density Egdf urban density UF urban population density Egdh suburban density UF suburban population density Egg population change UF population shifts Eggb population growth Eggd population decrease Egh overpopulation UF population explosion Egj de-population Ej resource availability Ejc land availability Eje water availability UF water supply Ejg food availability UF food supply RT food shortages (Qbef) Ejj fuel availability UF fuel supply Er human settlement planning Erc regional planning SN Use for that branch of planning dealing with the design of infrastructure needs across a large area of land. UF regional development Erf zoning SN Public regulations that control land use within a jurisdiction. Erj nature conservation SN Use for the preservation, management and enhancement of indigenous plant and animal communities. UF nature protection Erjc landscape protection SN Use for the sustainable use of the surrounding landscape in order to protect its biological diversity. For specific kinds of landscape protection, use also terms from SPACES AND PLACES (V), e.g., REEFS (Vgst). Erjj wildlife conservation UF species conservation UF wildlife preservation UF wildlife protection Erm historic preservation SN Use for initiatives that identify and preserve historically important architecture, buildings, sites, and other cultural property. Erp city planning UF town planning UF urban planning UF urban redevelopment Erpd civic improvement Erpf urban renewal Erpfc gentrification SN Use for the rehabilitation of deteriorated neighborhoods by new residents who are wealthier than its displaced long-time residents. Ert rural development UF rural planning Et human settlement infrastructure SN Use for the basic facilities, services, installations, and networks needed for the functioning of a community or society, including transportation and communications systems, water and power lines, sanitation, and housing. Etb land use SN How land is developed and used in terms of the types of activities allowed (forestry, agriculture, residences, urban, industry, etc.) and the size of buildings and structures permitted. Etd housing SN Social and economic aspects of human shelter. For the physical structure or architectural aspects of housing, see terms in MATERIAL CULTURE (P). RT domestic buildings (Pbckkd) Ete transportation SN Use for the general means of movement of people and goods. See also TRANSPORTATION INDUSTRY (Rmm) or, for vehicles, TRANSPORT (Pbt). UF public transportation Eteb transportation patterns Etebb commuting Etebe traffic patterns UF traffic flow Etebh urban transportation SN Public and private transportation patterns found in urban areas. Etebm rural transportation SN Public and private transportation patterns found in rural areas. Eted modes of travel Eteda air travel UF air transportation Etedb space travel UF interstellar travel UF space transportation Etede water transportation UF ocean travel UF river travel Etedf railroad travel UF rail transportation Etedg road travel Etedgc car travel UF automobile travel Etedge bus travel Eteg transportation infrastructure RT bridges (Pbckkwjd) Etegd roads SN Use for travelways used by motorized vehicles. UF highways UF parkways RT streets (Vnhbss) Etegde runways (air travel) UF airstrips UF landing strips Etegf rail lines SN Use for road beds or tracks on which trains carrying passengers or freight move. UF rail tracks Etegm waterways SN Navigable bodies of water for transportation and commerce. Etegmc canals RT canal locks (Pbckkwek) Etegp pipelines SN Use for conduits through which supplies pass from source to users. Etf sanitation systems Etfb waterworks UF water systems Etfc waste management RT garbage (Pbx) Etfcc sewage systems UF sewage disposal Etfcg garbage collection UF refuse disposal Etg power delivery systems UF power delivery grids UF power grids Etgb electric power grids Etgbb hydro-electric power grids RT water works (Pbckkfr) Etgbd gas delivery grids Etge power production types Etgef nuclear powered systems Etgem solar-powered energy systems Etgemb solar cells Etger water-powered energy systems Etgerc dams RT earthworks (Pbckfe) Etges wind-powered energy systems Etgesc wind turbines Eth communication networks Ethb telecommunication networks RT telecommunications (Tmbc) Ethp postal service UF mail service Eu people by migratory status Eub migrants Eubb immigrants Eubd emigrants Eubg nomads Eubj refugees SN Use for persons seeking asylum in a foreign country because they have lost their home for reasons of persecution, war, poverty, famine, political instability, or natural disaster. Eubje political refugees SN Use for refugees seeking political asylum in a foreign country who have lost their home for persecution or political reasons. UF asylum seekers Eubjh human rights refugees RT human rights (Gfc) Eubm exiles SN Use for persons banished from their native countries or homes. RT exile (Gkfb) Eubn expatriates SN Use for persons temporarily or permanently living in a country other than that of their upbringing and/or legal residence. UF expats Eubs stateless persons SN Use for persons who have no citizenship. Eud settlers Eudb colonists Eudj pioneers Eudn homesteaders SN Use for persons who settle lawfully on government land with the intent to acquire title to it. Eudp squatters SN Use for persons who settle on land without rights or title to it. Euf travellers UF wayfarers Eufb pilgrims Eufe tourists Eufp visitors Eufs passersby Eufv itinerants SN Use for persons who travel from place to place, usually for work. Eufy snowbirds SN Use for persons who travel to warmer locales during the winter and back to their original homes for the summer. RT seasonal migration (Ebx) F human dynamics SN Relationships that connect humans in a social and psychological matrix with each other, whether based on emotions, identity, reciprocity, power, difference, or change. Fb relationships based on social dynamics Fbc human relations SN For specific types of human relations, combine with appropriate terms from BEINGS (U). Fbe dyadic relationships SN Relationships between two beings. For specific dyadic relationships, use with terms in BEINGS (U). UF dyads Fbf inter-group relationships SN Relationships between or among members of the same group. For specific inter-group relationships, use with terms in BEINGS (U). Fbg intra-group relationships SN Relationships between or among groups. For specific intra-group relationships, use with terms in BEINGS (U). Fbgb cross-cultural relations UF intercultural relations Fbgc international relations Fbh human-animal relationships SN Relationships between or among humans and animals. For specific human-animal relationships, use with terms in BEINGS (U). Fbj human-supernatural being relationships SN Relationships between or among humans and supernatural beings. For specific human-supernatural being relationships, use with terms in BEINGS (U). Fbk positionality (human dynamics) SN The perceived juxtaposition of an individual or group in relation to others. Fbkb alienation RT exile (Gkfb) Fbs sociology RT behavioral science (Xbi) Fbsb criminology Fbsc gerontology Fbsd applied sociology Fbse comparative sociology Fbsf computational sociology Fbsg sociometry Fbsh sociography Fbsi industrial sociology Fbsj urban sociology Fbsk rural sociology Fc relationships based on emotional responses Fcb emotion Fcbb emotional states Fcbba emotional states (a-d) Fcbbaa affection (emotion) Fcbbab affinity Fcbbac agitation Fcbbad ambivalence (emotion) Fcbbae anger Fcbbaf antagonism Fcbbag awe UF wonder Fcbbah catharsis (emotion) UF emotional release Fcbbai cheerfulness Fcbbaj compassion Fcbbak cowardice Fcbbam defeat Fcbban desire Fcbbao despair Fcbbap disaffection Fcbbaq disappointment Fcbbar discontent Fcbbas dislike (emotion) UF aversion Fcbbat distaste (emotion) Fcbbau distrust Fcbbb emotional states (e-j) Fcbbba ecstasy Fcbbbb elation Fcbbbc empathy Fcbbbd ennui UF boredom UF malaise Fcbbbe enthusiasm Fcbbbf envy Fcbbbg fear UF anxiety UF distress Fcbbbh frustration Fcbbbi gratitude Fcbbbj grief Fcbbbk happiness Fcbbbm harmony (emotion) Fcbbbn hate Fcbbbo helplessness Fcbbbp homesickness Fcbbbq hope Fcbbbr horror Fcbbbs humiliation Fcbbbt impulse Fcbbbu intensity (emotion) Fcbbbv intimacy Fcbbc emotional states (k-r) Fcbbca jealousy Fcbbcb love Fcbbcc love-hate Fcbbcd lust Fcbbce melancholy Fcbbcf misery Fcbbcg mood (emotion) Fcbbch nostalgia Fcbbci pain Fcbbcj pathos Fcbbck pity Fcbbcm pleasure Fcbbcn regret Fcbbco rejection Fcbbcp relief (emotion) Fcbbcq remorse Fcbbcr resentment Fcbbd emotional states (s-z) Fcbbda shame Fcbbdb shyness UF bashfulness Fcbbdc solidarity (emotion) Fcbbdd sorrow UF sadness Fcbbde surprise Fcbbdf sympathy (emotion) Fcbbdg temper (emotion) Fcbbdh tenderness Fcbbdi terror Fcbbdj timidity RT self-possession (Sfef) Fcbbdk transference (emotion) Fcbbdm trust (emotion) Fcbbdn worry Fcc sexual relations Fccb pre-marital sex Fccc marital sex Fccd casual sex Fcce non-consensual sex Fccf prostitution RT sex entertainment (Io) Fccg illicit sex Fcd friendship Fcdb acquaintanceship Fcl loyalty UF allegiance Fclb disloyalty Fclbb betrayal Fcn infidelity Fd identity SN Relationships of affiliation based on a shared sense of self. UF affiliation UF association Fdb individual identity UF individuality UF personal identity UF self conception UF self identity UF sense of self UF the self Fdbb cognition UF the mind Fdbbb consciousness Fdbbc the unconscious Fdbc reputation Fdbd status (individual identity) Fdc identity cohesion SN The force that binds individuals into a sense of shared identity. Fdcb solidarity UF brotherhood UF cohesiveness Fdcc conformity Fdccb non-conformity Fdcd homogeneity Fdce socialization SN the process by which individuals are taught to function in the group and share group values and patterns of behavior. RT acculturation (Fefb) Fdcf enculturation SN The process by which humans learn and absorb cultural rules and values. RT acculturation (Fefb) Fdd group identity UF collective identity Fddb family identity RT families (Udf) Fddbb kinship SN Use for concepts that relate individuals or groups through familial or blood lines. Use terms from KINSHIP GROUPS (Ud) to indicate specific kinship. UF familial relationships RT kinship groups (Ud) RT kinship relationships (Udfc) Fddbc ancestry RT genealogy (Xhcr) RT lineage (Udcb) Fddbcd bloodlines Fddbd parenthood RT parents (Udfh) Fddbdb fatherhood RT fathers (Udfhb) Fddbdc motherhood RT mothers (Udfhg) Fddbf patriarchy Fddbg matriarchy Fddbj heredity RT genetics (Xmhf) Fddc regional identity Fddcb regionalism Fddcc local identity Fddcd community identity Fddce patriotism Fddd cultural identity RT cultural groups (Uac) Fdddb ethnic identity RT ethnic groups (Uae) Fdddbb ethnicity Fdddc racial identity RT racial groups (Uag) Fdddcb color (racial identity) Fdddcbb blackness (racial identity) Fdddcbc whiteness (racial identity) Fdddd national identity RT national groups (Uak) Fddddb nationality Fddddc nationalism Fddddcb romantic nationalism UF national romanticism Fddddcc internationalism Fddddd national character Fddde generational identity RT people by generational affiliation (Uat) Fdddeb youth culture Fdddf social identity RT social groups (Uad) Fdddg political identity Fdddh multiculturalism Fdddhb biculturalism Fdddj diversity UF pluralism Fdddjb cultural diversity Fdddjc ethnic diversity Fdddjd racial diversity Fdddje religious diversity Fdddk affinity group identity SN Identity with others who share the same interests. Fdde gender identity RT people by gender identity (Uan) Fddeb female identity Fddec male identity Fdded transgendered identity Fddee hermaphroditic identity Fddf sexual identity UF sexual orientation RT people by sexual preference (Uap) Fddfb sexuality UF sexual nature Fddfbb female sexuality Fddfbbb femininity Fddfbc male sexuality UF manhood Fddfbcb masculinity Fddfbcbb machismo Fddfbd homosexuality Fddfbdb male homosexuality Fddfbdc lesbianism Fddfbe heterosexuality Fddfbf transgenderedness Fddfbg bisexuality Fddfbh asexuality Fddfbj virginity Fddfbk chastity Fddg professional identity Fddh religious identity Fddj collective unconscious SN Jungian concept of a shared psychological disposition. Fddx marginality Fddxb the other SN Individuals or groups that are perceived as lying outside the boundaries of an accepted identity. UF alterity UF otherness UF outsiders Fddxc ferality SN The state of being undomesticated or unsocialized, as if a wild animal. Fddxd strangers (social marginality) Fde social organization Fdea social structure UF social order Fdeab social disorder Fdeb social hierarchies UF social status UF status (social organization) Fdebb caste Fdebbb caste systems Fdebbc outcastes Fdebc social class Fdebcb class systems Fdebcbb aristocracy (class systems) UF nobility RT monarchy (Ffde) Fdebcbbb royalty Fdebcbbc chieftainship Fdebcbc peasantry (class systems) Fdebcbd elite class (class systems) UF upper class RT elitism (Fdebd) Fdebcbe middle class (class systems) UF bourgeoisie Fdebcbf working class (class systems) UF industrial class UF proletariat Fdebcbg under class (class systems) UF lower class Fdebcbh educated class (class systems) Fdebcbhb intellectual class (class systems) UF intelligentsia Fdebcc classlessness Fdebd elitism RT elite class (class systems) (Fdebcbd) Fdebdb snobbery Fdebe subservience Fdebeb servitude Fdebebb indentured servitude Fdebebc serfdom Fdebebd slavery Fdebf legitimacy Fdebg illegitimacy Fdebh separation (social hierarchies) Fdebhb segregation (social hierarchies) Fdec social boundaries Fdecb territoriality Fdef roles (social organization) Fdefb role-playing Fdefc role models Fdefd identity markers Fe social interaction UF social behavior Fea culture contact Feb sociability UF social protocols Febb manners UF politeness Febbb table manners RT food manners (Qbgk) Febc etiquette RT food etiquette (Qbgke) Febcb courtesy Febd hospitality RT gift giving (Fgcb) Febdb visiting (hospitality) Febdh hosts Febdi guests Febe physical contact (sociability) RT proxemics (Sbc) Febeb touching (sociability) Fec diplomacy SN Use for personal or political diplomacy. Fed social networking UF schmoozing Fee partying (social interaction) UF party-going Fef group dynamics Fefb acculturation SN The conscious or unconscious adaptation of the cultural traits of one group by that of another; place here specific examples such as Americanization. UF assimilation RT enculturation (Fdcf) RT socialization (Fdce) Fefc cultural appropriation RT appropriation (performance strategy) (Sgh) Fefd hegemony Fefdb imperialism Fefdc class struggle Fefdd colonialism Fefddb post-colonialism Fefddc neo-colonialism Fefe transculturation SN The resolution of conflict and merging of two or more cultures. Feg authority (social interaction) Feh agency (social interaction) Fej attractiveness RT charisma (Shpdb) RT popularity (Shh) Fejc celebrity Fek secrecy (social interaction) Fel anti-social behavior RT crimes (Gj) Ff politics UF political practices Ffb political alliances Ffbb political parties Ffbc political movements UF social movements RT rights (Gf) Ffbcb civil rights movements Ffbcc women's movements UF women's liberation movements Ffbccb women's suffrage movements Ffbcd men's movements Ffbce peace movements Ffbceb pacifism Ffbcf students' movements Ffbcg youth movements Ffbch liberation movements Ffbcj environmentalism Ffbck animal rights movements Ffbcl right to life movements Ffbcm abortion rights movements UF freedom of choice movements Ffbd political meetings Ffbdb political conventions Ffc political activism UF activism UF social action UF social activism RT advocacy (Gsf) Ffcb political resistance Ffcbb passive resistance Ffcbc armed resistance Ffcc political protest UF political demonstrations UF protests UF social protest Ffcd political reform Ffce political campaigns Ffd political systems SN Use for the systems per se. For political systems and parties in government, use terms from LAW AND GOVERNANCE (G). RT systems of government (Gsb) Ffdb totalitarianism Ffdc authoritarianism RT rule by decree (Gsbc) Ffdd democracy RT rule by consensus (Gsbd) Ffde monarchy RT aristocracy (class systems) (Fdebcbb) RT divine rule (Gsbb) Ffdeb constitutional monarchy Ffdec autocracy Ffdf oligarchy Ffdfb plutocracy Ffdg anarchy Ffe political philosophies UF ideologies UF political beliefs Ffeb conservatism Ffebb neo-conservatism Ffec liberalism Ffecb neo-liberalism Ffed radicalism Ffee anarchism Ffef nihilism Ffeg political correctness UF PC Fff political power Fffb power politics Fffc empowerment Fffd sexual politics Fffe cultural politics Ffg political science Ffgb government (field of study) RT governance (Gs) Ffgc public administration Ffgd civics UF social studies Fg economy Fgb political economy Fgbb political-economic systems SN Place here all specific political-economic systems. RT systems of government (Gsb) Fgbbb capitalism Fgbbc socialism Fgbbcb Marxism Fgbbcc Fabianism Fgbbd communism Fgbbdb Marxism-Leninism Fgbbdc Stalinism Fgbbdd Maoism Fgbbe fascism Fgbbeb neo-fascism UF neo-Nazism Fgbbec Nazism UF National Socialism Fgbbf communalism Fgbbg anti-modernism Fgbbgb Luddism Fgbc economic reform Fgc reciprocity Fgcb gift giving UF gifting RT hospitality (Febd) Fgcba gifts Fgcbb potlatches RT food sharing events (Qxef) Fgcd monetary systems Fgcdb money SN Use for specific items that represent value and are used for trade, such as dollars, coins, wampum. UF currency Fgcdc banking Fgcdd credit Fgcde money lending UF loans Fgcdeb usury UF loan sharking Fgcdec micro loans SN Small business loans to poor people. Fgcdecb microcredit SN Non-profit micro loans. Fgcdecc microfinance SN For-profit micro loans. Fgce trading UF exchange Fgcea barter Fgceb commodities trading Fgcec stocks trading Fgced livestock trading Fgcedb horse trading Fgcee markets SN Use for physical or virtual places where commercial exchanges are carried out. RT marketplaces (Ibf) Fgcf obligation Fgcfb charity Fgcfbb alms-giving Fgcfc philanthropy Fgcfd patronage Fgcfdb political patronage Fgcfe tithes RT taxation (Gsdbb) Fgcff offerings (reciprocity) Fgcfg generosity Fgcg begging Fgcgg street begging UF mendicancy Fgch inheritance RT property law (Gbdf) Fgchb patrimony RT heritage (Af) Fge commercialism Fgeb market forces Fgebb consumerism Fgebc commercialization UF commodification Fgebd globalization Fgebe commercial syndicates Fgebeb monopolies Fgebec cartels Fgebed cooperatives Fgebf industries Fgebfb culture industries Fgec marketplace behavior Fgecb marketing UF selling Fgecbb peddling Fgecbc hawking Fgecbd street selling Fgecc haggling Fgecd pricing Fgece advertising SN For advertising in different media, use ADVERTISING with the term for the medium. UF commercials RT graphic design (Jbgdh) Fgee economic values Fgeeb wealth UF affluence Fgeebb treasure Fgeebbb buried treasure Fgeebc property Fgeec luxury Fgeed poverty Fgeee ownership (economic values) Fgf economics SN Use for the study of economy. Fgfb microeconomics Fgfc macroeconomics Fgfd econometrics Fgfe economic history Fgff political economics Fgg business administration Fggc public relations Fgge industrial relations Fggf accounting Fggg finance Fh difference (human dynamics) SN The perception of characteristics that make one individual or group dissimilar from another. Fhb conflict (human dynamics) UF violence Fhbb social conflict Fhbbc class conflict Fhbbd ethnic conflict Fhbbe racial conflict Fhbbf religious conflict Fhbbg feuds Fhbc aggression RT verbal aggression (Ldh) Fhbcb combat UF fighting Fhbcbb dueling Fhbcc sexual aggression Fhbcd war UF national conflict Fhbcdb battles Fhbcdc insurgency Fhbcdcb guerilla war Fhbcdcc resistance movements Fhbce rivalry Fhbd discord (human dynamics) Fhbdb intolerance Fhbdbb prejudice UF bigotry Fhbdbc racism Fhbdbcb racial discrimination Fhbdbcc racial segregation Fhbdbccb apartheid Fhbdbcd racism against specific groups Fhbdbcdb orientalism Fhbdbcdc anti-Semitism Fhbdbd sexism Fhbdbe homophobia Fhbdbf ageism Fhbdbg xenophobia Fhbdbh misanthropy Fhbdbhb misogyny Fhbdbhc misogamy Fhbdbx stereotyping Fhbdbxb profiling Fhbdbxc ethnic stereotyping Fhbdbxd racial stereotyping Fhbdbxe occupational stereotyping Fhbdbxeb professional stereotyping SN Stereotyping of specific professions. Fhc concord (human dynamics) Fhcb peace UF conflict resolution Fhcc tolerance Fhcd cooperation Fj change (human dynamics) Fjb social change Fjbb social reform Fjbc social mobility Fjbcb upward mobility Fjc culture change UF cultural change Fjd variation (human dynamics) Fjdb regional variation (human dynamics) Fk participants in human dynamics SN Use for individuals who play key roles in dynamic relationships. Use also terms from BEINGS (U). Fkb friends Fkc acquaintances Fkd colleagues UF co-workers Fke enemies Fkf intermediaries Fkg strangers (participants in human dynamics) G law and governance Gb legal systems Gbb customary law UF non-statutory law Gbc common law Gbd civil law Gbdb international law Gbdc environmental law Gbdd corporate law Gbde labor law Gbdf property law RT inheritance (Fgch) Gbdg tax law Gbe statutory law Gbf religious law Gbfb canon law Gbg criminal law Gbh constitutional law Gbj military law Gc jurisprudence Gcb comparative law Gd legal beliefs Gdf folk law SN The beliefs held about what is legal or illegal, regardless of written statute. Ge mores Geb morality Gec moral codes Gecb interdictions Ged taboos Gee responsibilities Gf rights (law) RT political movements (Ffbc) Gfb divine rights Gfc human rights UF natural rights RT human rights refugees (Eubjh) Gfcb collective rights Gfcc individual rights Gfd civil rights Gfe property rights Gfeb rights of ownership RT ownership (performance value) (Shk) Gfec intellectual property rights Gff copyright Gfg patent rights Gfh animal rights Gfx freedoms SN Use for any legal concept of the freedom to believe or act, such as freedom of speech, freedom of assembly, religious freedom. Gg laws Ggb legal codes Ggc statutes Ggd rules Gge regulations Ggf constitutions Gh legal agreements Ghb covenants Ghc treaties UF accords Ghd contracts Ghdb obligations Gj crimes RT anti-social behavior (Fel) Gjb felonies Gjc misdemeanors Gjd torts Gjf types of crime Gjfb murder Gjfc assault Gjfcb sexual assault UF sexual abuse Gjfcbb rape Gjfd kidnapping Gjfe stalking Gjff white collar crimes Gjffb embezzling Gjffc tax evasion Gjfg fraud Gjfgb blasphemy Gjfh forgery Gjfhb counterfeiting Gjfi driving violations Gjfj property crimes Gjfjb burglary Gjfjc robbery Gjfjd theft Gjfje vandalism Gjfjeb desecration SN Vandalism of sacred objects. Gjfjf arson Gjfjg trespass Gjfjh piracy Gjfk smuggling Gjfl extortion Gjfm graft SN Crimes of corruption by those in a position of power. UF corruption Gjfmb bribery Gjfn perjury Gjfo treason Gjfp heresy RT religious doctrines (Bsrg) Gjfq sacrilege Gjfr crimes against reputation Gjfrb blackmail Gjfrc libel Gjfrd slander Gjfs crimes against humanity RT ethnic cleansing (Ebce) Gjfsb genocide RT death marches (Ebch) Gjfsbb cultural genocide SN The forced destruction of a group's culture and traditions. Gjft war crimes Gk punishments Gkb capital punishment UF death penalty Gkc corporal punishment Gkcb torture Gkd psychological punishment Gkdb humiliation (punishment) Gke incarceration UF jailing Gkf expulsion Gkfb exile UF banishment RT alienation (Fbkb) RT exiles (Eubm) Gkfc shunning Gkfd excommunication Gkg compensation (punishment) Gkh fines Gkj confiscation (punishment) Gkk work as punishment Gkkb community service (punishment) Gkl demotion (punishment) Gkm censure Gl legal procedures Glb legal investigations Glbb police work Glbc surveillance (legal procedures) Glc interrogation Gld prosecution Gle trials UF hearings Gleb trials by jury Glec trials by ordeal Gled criminal trials Glee civil trials Glef trial procedures Glefb legal arguments Glefc legal deliberations Glf judgments (legal procedures) Glfa sanctions Glfb verdicts Glfc sentencing Glg enforcement (legal procedures) RT threatening figures (Uv) Glgb social control Glgbb verbal social control RT threatening figures (Uv) Gq legal institutions Gqb judiciary Gqbb legal administration Gqc legislatures Gqd executives (legal institutions) Gqe police departments Gqf military (legal institutions) Gqg legal profession Gqr public sector Gqs private sector Gr legal concepts Grb justice Grc legality Grd illegality Grdb criminality Gre guilt Greb liability Grf innocence Grg evidence Grgb alibis Grh proof (legal concepts) Grj legal precedence Gs governance RT government (field of study) (Ffgb) Gsa legislation Gsab social legislation Gsb systems of government RT political systems (Ffd) RT political-economic systems (Fgbb) Gsbb divine rule RT monarchy (Ffde) Gsbc rule by decree RT authoritarianism (Ffdc) Gsbd rule by consensus RT democracy (Ffdd) Gsc branches of government Gscb bureaucracy Gscbb government departments UF government ministries Gsd government operations Gsdb government finance Gsdbb taxation RT tithes (Fgcfe) Gsdbc disbursements Gsdbcb government aid Gsdc entitlements Gsdcb welfare (entitlements) Gsdcc unemployment insurance Gsdcd pensions Gsdd defense Gsddb conscription UF draft Gse policy Gsf advocacy RT political activism (Ffc) Gsfb petitioning Gsfc lobbying Gx legal agents Gxb lawmakers Gxbb legislators Gxc investigators (legal agents) Gxcb intelligence officers Gxd law enforcement agents RT protective service workers (Rnfd) Gxdb police officers Gxdc bounty hunters Gxdd repossession officers Gxde tax inspectors Gxe legal counselors Gxeb lawyers UF attorneys Gxec advocates Gxf prosecutors Gxg judges Gxh juries Gxj legal administrators Gxjb court reporters Gxjc court clerks Gxjd notaries Gxje justices of the peace Gxjf process servers Gxk plaintiffs Gxl defendants UF accused Gxm witnesses Gy agents of governance Gyb heads of government Gybb monarchs Gybc chiefs Gybd presidents Gybe prime ministers Gyc government appointees Gycb government representatives Gycbb ambassadors Gycbc emissaries Gyd government advisors Gydb cabinets (government advisors) Gye electors Gyf bureaucrats Gyg petitioners Gyh lobbyists H education UF pedagogy RT Chautauquas (Ibpc) RT educational pastimes (Ibp) Ha education (field of study) Hab curriculum and instruction Hb educational psychology SN A field of psychology that deals with the psychological aspects of teaching and learning. UF psychology of learning RT psychology (field of study) (Dxcl) Hc theories of education Hcc Waldorf education SN Based on the educational philosophy of Rudolf Steiner, Waldorf education is based on nurturing the development of spirit, soul, and body on the path to adulthood. UF Steiner-Waldorf education Hcf Montessori education SN Based on the educational philosophy of Maria Montessori, Montessori education focuses on the individuality of the child, as opposed to the class, encourages independence and freedom with limits and responsibility. Hcg alternative education UF non-traditional education Hch collective education SN Use for education taught on collective settlements. Hcp progressive education SN Use for Dewey-type educational ideals from the late 19th through the mid-20th centuries, based in the progressive era. Hct constructivism (educational theory) SN Use for educational theory that encourages teacher-supported learning that is initiated and directed by students to help them develop personal responsibility for their own learning. UF cognitive-developmental theory UF constructivist education UF constructivist educational theory UF Piagetian theory of cognitive development RT constructivist teaching (Hjam) RT learning (Hk) He education based on student populations Heb early childhood education Hebc pre-school education Hebf kindergarten Hee elementary education UF primary education Heec open classroom SN System of elementary education in which instruction and activities are informally structured, flexible, and individualized. Hef middle school education UF junior high school education Heg secondary education UF high school education Hej higher education UF college education UF post-secondary education Hep adult education SN Use for education (through such things as courses, lectures, or correspondence) for adults who are not otherwise engaged in formal study for credit or enrichment. Her continuing education SN Use for instruction that brings persons up to date in a particular area of knowledge or skills. Hes special education SN Use for classroom or private instruction involving techniques, exercises, and subject matter designed for special needs students. UF special needs education RT learning disabilities (Drf) Heu gifted education SN Use for the education of children who have been identified as having intellectual abilities or talents that are above average. Hf subjects of learning UF courses of study Hfc basic education SN Use for training to develop mastery of basic school subject areas in order to function in society. RT literacy (Krp) Hfce numeracy SN Ability to use and be skillful with numbers. UF numerical literacy Hfcg basic living skills (education) Hfch family life education UF domestic skills (education) UF home economics Hfck occupational skills (education) SN Use for training in gaining the basic skills in order to find a job. RT occupational choice (Rfq) RT occupational training (Rft) Hfe career education SN Educational guidance for individuals preparing to seek employment. UF career counseling UF career planning UF vocational guidance RT occupational training (Rft) Hfg consumer education SN Use for the education of consumers on buying goods and services. Hfh environmental education Hfj liberal arts education SN Use for programs of education in various subjects aimed towards a greater individual self-awareness as well as a mutual understanding among people and cultures, usually taught on the undergraduate college level. UF humanistic education Hfjc classical education SN Use for the study of the classic languages and literatures of Greek and Latin. Hfm military education Hfp outdoor education SN Use for educational curriculum enrichment that takes place out of doors. Hfpc school camps RT camps (Ixbc) Hfpe outward bound schools Hfpg adventure education Hfr physical education RT strength, fitness, and flexibility sports (Ise) Hfs moral education UF character education UF ethical education Hft religious education SN Use for instruction in religion in schools and private life. Hfu sex education Hfv vocational education SN Use for vocational instruction within the standard educational system, usually at the secondary level. UF vocational training RT occupational training (Rft) RT occupations (Rm) RT vocation (Rd) RT vocational schools (Htcju) Hg modes of education Hgh home schooling SN Use for the education of school-age children in a home setting rather than in a traditional private or public school. Hgj bilingual education SN Use for education taught in both a native language and a second language, both as subject matter and use as the media of instruction for academic subjects. Hgk international education SN Use for education promoting international understanding and awareness. UF global education RT study abroad programs (Hhp) Hgm service learning SN Use for education gained through performing community service, usually in high school. UF school-based community service UF student community service Hgt independent study SN Educational coursework designed by students to pursue areas of study not covered by the established curriculum, done without class attendance and with a minimum of formal supervision. Hh educational programs SN Use for programs offered for school credit or educational enrichment. Hhb after-school programs UF after-school education Hhc language immersion programs SN Use for educational programs that teach all or part of their curriculum through a second language. Hhck language camps SN Use for camps conducted all or partly through a second language for educational purposes. UF foreign language camps Hhf English as a second language programs SN Use for educational programs to teach English to speakers of other languages. UF EFL (language study) UF English as a foreign language programs UF ESL (language study) UF ESOL (language study) Hhp study abroad programs UF foreign study UF international study programs UF junior year abroad programs UF semester at sea programs RT international education (Hgk) Hht educational exchange programs SN Use primarily for international exchange of educational personnel, including students, educators, and scholars. UF student exchange programs UF teacher exchange programs Hhu literacy programs SN Use for educational programs that teach or encourage reading. UF reading programs (literacy) Hhw inservice programs SN Use for educational courses or programs that enable teachers to improve their teaching qualifications and expertise. UF in-service education UF in-service programs UF in-service teacher education Hj teaching SN Includes both the art of teaching and its methods. UF instruction Hja teaching methods UF teaching techniques Hjac individual instruction UF individualized instruction UF one-on-one instruction Hjace tutoring SN Instructing or teaching privately. UF private instruction Hjad group instruction UF large group instruction UF small group instruction Hjaf lecturing Hjag questioning (teaching method) SN Pedagogical technique in which a teacher does not give information directly, but rather asks a series of questions, with the result that the student comes either to the desired knowledge by answering the questions or to a deeper awareness UF Socratic dialog UF Socratic method Hjah team teaching SN Use for a teaching technique where two or more educators work together with a group of students on a unified topic in the same educational workspace. UF co-teaching Hjaj collaborative teaching SN Use for non-hierarchical teaching approach that encourages team problem-solving among educators and students. Hjak non-graded teaching Hjal decentered teaching SN Use for teaching practice that encourages student participation by having the teacher not act as an authority figure, including use of the virtual classroom. UF decentered classrooms Hjam constructivist teaching SN Use for the teaching approach based on the premise that cognition and learning are the result of "mental construction," and that students learn best by fitting new information together with what they already know by engaging with it on their own. RT constructivism (educational theory) (Hct) Hjan discussion groups (teaching method) Hjb instructional technology RT educational technology (Hn) Hjbp programmed instruction Hjbr place-based education UF community-based education Hjbs audio-visual education Hjbt computer-assisted instruction SN Use for instruction in which a student interacts directly with educational computer materials. UF computer-based instruction UF computer-enhanced learning RT educational technology (Hn) RT online learning (Hkfo) Hjbtc web-based instruction SN Use for courses and instruction taught via the World Wide Web. UF web-based lessons Hjbtcd virtual classrooms SN Use for live or pre-programmed broadcasts to teach through such means as the Internet or video conferencing. RT listservs (Llji) RT video-conferencing (Tmbceb) Hjbtch student-teacher blogs SN Use for web-based communication that allows for students to receive both general class instruction as well as feedback to the individual from the teacher by blogging. Hk learning SN Includes both the art and kinds of learning, including learning techniques, and styles. RT constructivism (learning theory) (Hct) Hkf learning techniques Hkfc rote learning SN Learning technique which focuses on memorizing material so it can be recalled by the learner as it was read or heard. Hkfd active learning SN Learning characterized by active participation on the part of the learner. UF hands-on-experience UF hands-on-learning UF learning by doing Hkff social learning SN Learning that occurs within a social context. Hkfj on the job learning UF learning on the job Hkfo online learning SN Use for learning, training, or educational programs delivered by Web-based or Internet-based technologies. UF computer-assisted learning UF e-learning UF elearning UF online training RT computer-assisted instruction (Hjbt) RT educational media (Hne) Hkfp perceptual learning SN Use for the modification of perception and behavior following sensory experience. Hkp learning styles SN Use for methods and modes of learning. UF learning strategies Hkpb learning by hearing UF auditory learning UF aural learning UF oral learning Hkpe learning by tasting UF gustatory learning UF learning by eating Hkpj learning by smelling UF olfactory learning Hkpl learning by touching UF tactile learning Hkpp learning by seeing UF visual learning Hkps experiential learning SN Use for knowledge acquired from personal experience. UF experience-based learning UF kinesthetic learning Hn educational technology RT computer-assisted instruction (Hjbt) RT instructional technology (Hjb) Hna educational tools UF instructional materials UF instructional tools UF teaching aids Hnc curriculum planning materials Hncd lesson plans SN Use for teachers' detailed description of instruction for an individual lesson. Hnce teacher's guides SN Use for guides offering general ideas for presenting ideas for instruction on topics to be taught. Hncf student activities SN Use for educational activities and projects planned by teachers to be incorporated into the curriculum. Hncg curriculum guides Hncj reading lists Hncl student assignments Hne educational media RT computer-assisted instruction (Hjbt) RT educational equipment (Hnp) RT online learning (Hkfo) Hneb powerpoint presentations Hnef educational videos Hnej educational sound recordings Hnp educational equipment RT educational media (Hne) Hnpa whiteboards (educational equipment) SN Use for whiteboards that interact with a computer to project information on a two-dimensional surface. UF electronic whiteboards (educational equipment) Hnpb chalkboards UF blackboards Hnpc flannel boards (educational equipment) Hnpf display boards (educational equipment) RT posters (Zbfbpee) Hnr educational assessment UF educational measurement Hnrc examinations UF tests Hnrcb written exams Hnrcf oral exams Hnrcg portfolios (education) Hnrd grading (education) SN Use for marking and grading students for the purpose of evaluating their academic achievement. UF grades (educational assessment) Hnrj curriculum-based assessment SN Use for educational assessment constructed by the teacher and designed to reflect curriculum content. Hnrp educational peer review SN Use for educational assessment technique whereby students evaluate each others' work. Hnrs student self-assessment SN Use for educational assessment technique whereby students evaluate their own work, using such methods as portfolio writing. Hp students SN Use for students of any type of level of schooling. If needed, pair with the form of education or training being received. UF educands Hpb foreign students UF international students Hpd part-time students Hpf transfer students Hpg school roommates UF college roommates Hph apprentices (students) RT apprentices (workers) (Rcna) Hpj interns (students) RT interns (workers) (Rcnji) Hpk graduates SN Use for graduates from any type or level of schooling. Hpn dropouts SN Use for dropouts from any kind of schooling. Hpx alumnae UF alumni Hq teaching personnel Hqc teachers UF educators UF pedagogues Hqcf teachers' assistants UF instructional assistants UF teachers' aides Hqch professors Hqchc teaching assistants Hqcj substitute teachers UF supply teachers Hqck tutors Hqcm gurus SN Use for teachers and intellectual guides, often spiritual in nature. Hqf mentors SN Use for trusted counselors, teachers, and role models. Hqh educational administrators UF school administrators Hqhb school boards Hqhe principals (education) UF headmasters Hqhg deans (education) Hqhj presidents (education) Hqhp student counselors UF guidance counselors Hqhpc high school counselors SN Use for high school guidance counselors. Hqhpe college admissions counselors SN Use for counselors on the college level for students who are considering applying for admission. Hqhpj college counselors SN Use for counselors helping high school students define their academic goals in order to apply for college. UF college advisers UF college consultants Hqhpn faculty advisors SN Use for faculty who guide college students academically in working towards a degree. UF academic advisors Hr educational management UF school administration UF school organization Hrb academic freedom UF educational freedom Hrc compulsory education SN Use for education which children are required by law to receive and governments to provide. Hrj educational mainstreaming SN Use for bringing exceptional students into regular educational programs whenever possible. UF mainstreaming in education Hrp school discipline Hrpc classroom management Hrr school integration UF school desegregation Ht educational institutions Htc schools RT school buildings (Pbckkfj) Htce school size Htcee class size Htcees student-teacher ratio UF pupil-teacher ratio UF teacher-student ratio Htcf schools by level of schooling Htcfb pre-schools UF nursery schools Htcfd kindergartens Htcfe elementary schools Htcff middle schools UF junior high schools Htcfg high schools Htcfh colleges Htcfhc community colleges SN Use for two-year colleges. UF junior colleges Htcfj universities Htcj schools by category Htcjd public schools Htcje private schools Htcjg charter schools SN Use for independent, legislatively authorized public schools that operate under the authority of a charter. Htcjj ethnic schools SN Use for schools that offer classes in the language and/or cultures of particular ethnic groups, either on a full-time or part-time basis. UF ethnic heritage schools Htcjl folk high schools SN Use for residential, non-academic, schools for adult students, offering a wide range of subjects, often focusing on local or national literature and culture. UF folk schools Htcjp vacation schools UF summer schools Htcjs magnet schools SN Use for schools offering special courses not available in the regular school curriculum and designed to attract students from all parts of a school district without adhering to the usual attendance zone rules. Htcjt one-room schools Htcju vocational schools SN Use for secondary schools offering classes and degrees in business, trade, and technical disciplines. UF trade schools RT occupational training (Rft) RT vocational education (Hfv) Htcjv alternative schools Htcjw lyceums SN Halls used for public lectures, discussions, or concerts. RT Chautauquas (Ibpc) Hu graduation (education) SN Use for the receiving or conferring of a degree for the completion of educational study. RT graduation ceremonies (Cseg) Huc academic degrees Hucb academic diplomas Hucd high school degrees UF GED (General Equivalency Diploma) UF General Education Diploma UF General Equivalency Diploma Huck university degrees UF college degrees Huckc masters' degrees UF M.A. degrees UF MA degrees UF master of arts degrees UF master of sciences degrees Huckg doctors' degrees UF doctor of philosophy degrees UF Ph.D. degrees UF PhD degrees Huh honorary degrees Hv school life UF college life UF school customs UF student life RT academic life (Abeb) RT practical jokes (Irf) Hvf school insignia Hvfc school colors UF college colors Hvfg school heraldry UF school arms Hw educational schedules Hwc school schedules UF school calendars Hwcg school year SN Part of the year when school is in session. Hwch school week Hwcs semesters UF academic semesters UF quarters (school schedules) UF terms (school schedules) Hwcsc intersessions (school schedules) SN Use for time between two academic sessions or semesters. Hwcsf dead week SN Use for week before final exams. Hwcsg exam weeks Hws class schedules UF classroom schedules I entertainment and recreation SN Use for activities meant to produce enjoyment. UF amusements UF entertainments UF fun Ia unstructured entertainment Iap frolicking Iapv vertigo play SN Play that alters one's physical state or perceptions. RT amusement rides (Pqkpb) Iapvb bungee jumping Iapve hanging upside down (vertigo play) Iapvj seesawing Iapvm spinning (unstructured play) Iapvp swinging (unstructured play) Ib popular entertainments UF performances (entertainment) Ibf marketplaces SN Use for events in which the express purpose is to bring buyers and sellers together. RT agricultural fairs (Ibhm) RT markets (Fgcee) Ibfb antique shows Ibfd auctions Ibfe bazaars Ibfeb craft bazaars UF craft markets Ibfg farmers' markets Ibfh souks Ibfj street fairs Ibh exhibitions SN Use for a public event meant to exhibit aspects of society, often of a scientific, cultural, or agricultural nature. UF exhibits UF expositions UF fairs Ibhb art exhibitions UF art shows Ibhd museum exhibitions Ibhf traveling exhibitions Ibhh animal shows UF pet shows RT livestock exhibitions (Ibhmk) Ibhj food festivals RT food events (Qxe) Ibhjb beer festivals Ibhjw wine festivals Ibhm agricultural fairs UF agricultural festivals RT marketplaces (Ibf) Ibhmb county fairs RT amusement rides (Pqkpb) Ibhmc state fairs RT amusement rides (Pqkpb) Ibhmf flower shows Ibhmk livestock exhibitions RT animal shows (Ibhh) Ibho trade shows Ibhoc industrial expositions Ibhoe international expositions UF expos UF world's fairs Ibhoj job fairs UF career fairs Ibhp air shows Ibk festivals SN Periodic cultural events or entertainments. Ibkb art festivals Ibkd children's festivals Ibkf ethnic festivals Ibkh family festivals Ibkj folk festivals Ibkjb folklore revival festivals UF folk revival festivals Ibkm happenings SN Use for gatherings (mostly during the 1950s and 1960s) that included performances by a variety of artists (sometimes spontaneous), often including music and interaction with the audience. Ibkp harvest festivals RT food events (Qxe) Ibkr maritime festivals Ibkt music festivals Ibku religious festivals RT rituals by nature (Ck) Ibm contests UF competitions RT pageants (entertainment) (Ibsh) Ibmb drinking contests RT food events (Qxe) Ibme eating contests RT food events (Qxe) Ibp educational pastimes SN Education pursued during free time including lectures, fieldtrips etc. RT education (H) Ibpc Chautauquas RT education (H) RT lyceums (Htcjw) Ibps spelling bees RT bees (Ibrsb) Ibr social gatherings RT dance events (Nx) Ibrb food-oriented gatherings RT food events (Qxe) Ibrbe barbecues (social gatherings) Ibrbg clambakes Ibrbp picnics Ibrh hayrides Ibrp parties RT balls (dance) (Nxpe) Ibrpb birthday parties RT rites of passage (Cna) Ibrpf New Year's parties Ibrph house parties Ibrpk house-warmings Ibrpt tailgate parties Ibrs work gatherings SN Gatherings for building, producing other types of projects, or gatherings related to agricultural life that also function for social bonding and entertainment. UF construction gatherings Ibrsb bees SN Gatherings for carrying out work, sometimes involving competitions. RT spelling bees (Ibps) Ibrsbc apple bees SN Gatherings for the purpose of preserving apples for the winter. Ibrsbh husking bees SN Community gatherings for the purpose of husking corn. Ibrsbm milling frolics SN Communal gatherings for the purpose of waulking wool cloth. Ibrsbs sewing bees Ibrsbsq quilting bees UF quiltings Ibrsc maple sugaring RT food events (Qxe) Ibrsd molasses stir-offs SN Community gatherings for processing molasses. RT food events (Qxe) Ibrsg building construction gatherings Ibrsgb barn raisings Ibrsgf house raisings Ibrsgh house movings SN Gatherings for the purpose of moving a house to a new location. Ibs spectacles (entertainment) SN Unusual, notable entertainment, often on a grand scale. UF extravaganzas RT amusement rides (Pqkpb) Ibsf fireworks displays Ibsh pageants (entertainment) RT contests (Ibm) Ibshb beauty pageants UF beauty contests Ibsj parades Ibsm patriotic celebrations Ibsmr military reviews Ibsmrt tattoos (military entertainment) SN Military display for the public of music and marching, based on the "tattoo" played to summon soldiers back to their barracks. Ibst traveling shows RT amusement rides (Pqkpb) Ibstc carnivals Ibste circuses Ibstef flea circuses Ibstg medicine shows Ibstk sideshows Ibstkf freak shows Ibstm tent shows Ibstw wild-west shows Ibu stage shows UF theatrical productions RT drama (Lj) Ibub burlesque shows RT sex entertainment (Io) Ibud cabarets Ibuf concerts RT music events (Mve) Ibuh magic shows Ibuk musical reviews RT music events (Mve) Ibum puppet shows RT puppet plays (Ljtp) RT puppets (Pqkpmtp) Ibur variety shows Iburt talent shows UF amateur nights Iburv vaudeville shows UF vaudeville RT vaudeville skits (Ljkmv) Ibx media entertainments SN Entertainment that requires transmission or mediation by electronic means. Ibxg film shows UF movies RT cinema (Tmbbd) RT film (Zbfvdb) RT film studies (Jbeu) RT filmmaking (Jmhj) RT films (Pbgbj) Ibxm radio programs Ibxmd radio game shows Ibxs television programs Ibxsd television game shows Ibxu Internet programs SN Use for programming created especially for the World Wide Web. RT Webcasting (Tmbbcd) Ig games UF folk games RT game rhymes (Lfebcd) RT puzzles (Lba) RT speech play (Lbf) Iga counting out games SN Use for games that choose team mates or choose someone to be "it." RT counting out rhymes (Lfebcdg) Igb games of dexterity RT children's games (Igg) RT tossing sports (Isc) Igbc ball bouncing games RT ball bouncing rhymes (Lfebcdu) Igbd blanket tossing SN Use for games where several people hold a blanket in which they toss a person into the air. Igbe body-slapping games Igbeh hand-clapping games Igbehp patty cake UF paddy cake Igbg hopscotch Igbj juggling Igbk jump rope games RT jump rope rhymes (Lfebcds) RT jumping rope (Isebj) Igbm marbles (games) Igbr running games Igbre racing RT running (Isepg) Igbreb egg and spoon races Igbred sack races SN Use for races that include climbing into some sort of sack, such as a gunnysack, and then moving toward a finish line or goal. Igbref three-legged races Igbs tag games Igbsb blind man's bluff Igbsh drop the handkerchief Igbt top-spinning games Igc games of strategy and chance Igcb games of strategy using machines Igcbe electronic games Igcbec computer games Igcbev video games Igcbk mechanical-electrical games UF arcade games Igcbkg pachinko games SN Mechanical Japanese game similar to pinball. Igcbkm pinball games Igcd board games Igcda board games using abstract strategy SN Board games in which players use strategic thinking to win such as chess and checkers. Igcdab checkers (board game) UF draughts Igcdae chess Igcdc board games of chance and skill SN Board games where chance is often, but not always, coupled with skill to achieve success, as backgammon. Igcdcb backgammon Igcdce Parcheesi Igcdp board games of physical skill SN Games played on a board or mat that require coordination and physical skill such as Twister. Igcf card games SN Card games such as crazy eights, gin rummy, go fish as well as gambling card games such as poker, and blackjack. RT gambling games (Igcj) RT lotteries (Igcjd) Igcfb blackjack Igcfe bridge Igcfg poker Igch pantomime games Igchp charades Igcj gambling games RT card games (Igcf) RT casinos (Ixbd) Igcjb betting Igcjd lotteries SN Any means of winning a prize by choosing an individual number, ticket, matchstick or other such item from several possibilities. UF draws (gambling) UF lottery games RT card games (Igcf) Igcjdd drawing lots Igcjdn numbers games Igcjdp pull-tabs Igcjdr raffles Igcjds scratch tickets Igcjf casino games Igcjfg roulette Igcjfk slot machines Igck hiding and guessing games Igckc hide and go seek Igcke hide the button Igckg rock, paper, scissors Igco party games RT children's games (Igg) Igcob bobbing for apples Igcof drinking games Igcok kissing games Igcokc spin the bottle games Igcom musical chairs Igcop pin the tail on the donkey Igcor play party songs (party games) SN Use for group songs for courtship games involving choosing, kissing or hugging, and changing partners. Igcp puzzles (games) SN Use for three-dimensional puzzles. RT non-verbal riddles (Lbd) RT puzzles (Lba) Igcph object puzzles SN The puzzle is a physical object that you manipulate in order to solve. Igcphg Rubik's cube Igcphr string figures UF cat's cradle UF string games Igcpj jigsaw puzzles Igcpm mazes (games) Igcr role-playing games SN Games and play based on everyday activities, trades and professions, historical events, or fictional events from literature or the popular media. Igcrb anachronism games SN Games based on historical ways of life, often centered on the Middle Ages. Igcrd battle re-enactments SN Re-enactments of historical battles. Igcrg war games RT combat games (Igj) Igcrgr cowboys and indians Igcrk dungeons and dragons Igcrm make-believe games Igg children's games SN Use with terms for specific games in GAMES (Ig). UF children's play RT children's rhymes (Lfeb) RT games of dexterity (Igb) RT party games (Igco) Igj combat games SN Use for games whose main purpose is physical contact and endurance, especially where one person must overcome a team of people. RT war games (Igcrg) Igjb king of the mountain Igjc buck buck UF Johnny on the pony Igjd red rover Igjp paintball games Im hobbies Imb artistic hobbies SN Hobbies that involve the making of art or craft objects. RT art (J) Imd collection hobbies SN Hobbies that involve the collecting of objects or items. RT scrapbooks (Lubf) Img model building (hobbies) Imj model flying Io sex entertainment RT burlesque shows (Ibub) RT prostitution (Fccf) RT sex tourism (Ips) Ioh lap dancing RT exotic dance (Ndxbh) Iok peep shows Iom striptease UF stripping Ip tourism RT bicycle touring (Isuc) RT tourist dance (Ndxbs) Ipc culinary tourism Ipe eco-tourism Ips sex tourism RT sex entertainment (Io) Ir tricks (entertainment) SN Use for jokes, pranks, or magic tricks. Irf practical jokes UF pranks RT jokes (Lhn) RT school life (Hv) RT work life (Rfd) Irh hoaxes Is sports SN Use for activities requiring physical strength and skill. UF athletics RT sports and outdoor activity clothing (Pbmcdp) RT sports equipment (Pqkpe) Isa sports involvement SN Use for the number of players and their level of involvement. Use with terms for the specific games, activities, or agents. RT games (Ig) Isab individual sports Isad team sports Isaf participatory sports Isah spectator sports Isak amateur sports RT amateurs (Stbd) Isam professional sports RT professionals (Stbb) Isar semi-professional sports RT semi-professionals (Stbc) Isb aquatic sports UF water sports RT aquatic sports equipment (Pqkpeb) Isbc boating Isbd rowing Isbe canoeing Isbf board diving Isbg kayaking Isbh sailing Isbhb sailboat racing Isbhe ice sailing UF ice yachting Isbj white-water rafting Isbk under water diving Isbkd deep-sea diving Isbks skin diving Isbku snorkeling Isbm surfing Isbmb body surfing Isbme board surfing Isbmeg boogie boarding Isbmg wind surfing Isbn swimming Isbo tubing UF innertubing Isbp water polo Isbr waterskiing Isc tossing sports SN Use for sports that involve aiming and accuracy in tossing objects at a target. RT games of dexterity (Igb) RT tossing game equipment (Pqkpek) Iscb dart games Iscbb lawn darts Iscc ring-toss games Isccb quoits Iscd horseshoe pitching Isce penny pitching Iscf tiddlywinks Iscm social tossing games SN Includes tossing and catching of eggs, water balloons, etc. Isd racquet, stick, and ball games SN Any game involving a ball or a stick or racquet often taking place on a field, green, court, or table. RT bats (sports equipment) (Pqkpee) RT clubs (sports equipment) (Pqkpeg) RT mallets (sports equipment) (Pqkpeh) RT racquets (sports equipment) (Pqkpef) RT sticks (sports equipment) (Pqkpei) Isdb ball-only games SN Sports not using a stick or other object to project the ball which is kicked, thrown, bounced, or hit by the players to project it. RT balls (sports equipment) (Pqkped) Isdbc basketball Isdbe bowling Isdbeb bocce Isdbek lawn bowling Isdbf dodge ball Isdbg football SN Use for sports using a prolate spheroid (football shaped) ball. For European football, use SOCCER (Isdbk). UF American football Isdbgb Australian rules football Isdbgc Canadian football Isdbj rugby Isdbk soccer UF association football UF European football Isdbm volleyball Isdk ball and stick games SN Games in which a ball or other object is projected using a bat, mallet, club, basket or other tool to project it. RT balls (sports equipment) (Pqkped) RT bats (sports equipment) (Pqkpee) RT clubs (sports equipment) (Pqkpeg) RT mallets (sports equipment) (Pqkpeh) RT sticks (sports equipment) (Pqkpei) Isdkb baseball Isdkd cricket Isdkf croquet Isdkh field hockey RT ice hockey (Isfg) Isdkj golf Isdkjm miniature golf Isdkm lacrosse Isdko polo Isdkp softball Isdkr stickball Isdkt billiards Isdktp pool (game) Isdr racquet sports SN Sports using a ball that fits in the hand, or smaller, which is hit by a racquet or using the hand as a racquet. UF racket sports RT balls (sports equipment) (Pqkped) RT racquets (sports equipment) (Pqkpef) Isdrb badminton Isdrh handball Isdrj jai alai Isdrk racquetball Isdrm squash (game) Isdrp table tennis UF ping pong Isdrs tennis Ise strength, fitness, and flexibility sports SN Use for activities that mainly require a great deal of strength, flexibility, or endurance from the athlete. RT exercise (preventative medicine) (Dkb) RT physical education (Hfr) Iseb fitness activities RT exercise (preventative medicine) (Dkb) Isebc aerobics SN Use for exercise with set movements and step patterns, often performed to music and led by an instructor. Isebj jumping rope UF skipping rope RT jump rope games (Igbk) RT jump rope rhymes (Lfebcds) Isebp Pilates Iseby yoga (fitness activities) Isef gymnastics Iseh strength sports RT bodybuilding (Pbmbdf) Isehg power lifting Isehw weight lifting Isep track and field sports Isepb jumping (track and field) Isepbg high jump Isepbk long jump Isepbp pole vault Isepbt triple jump Isepe throwing (track and field) Iseped discus Isepej javelin Isepes shot put Isepg running RT racing (Igbre) Isepgc jogging Isepgd sprinting Isepgdb 100 meter sprints Isepgde 200 meter sprints Isepgdh 400 meter sprints Isepgf middle-distance running Isepgfb 800 meter runs Isepgfd 1500 meter runs Isepgfk steeplechase (running) Isepgk long-distance running UF distance running Isepgkb 3,000 meter runs Isepgkd 10,000 meter runs Isepgkf 20,000 meter runs Isepgkh 30,000 meter runs Isepgkm marathons (running) SN Use for distance running of 42,195 meters or more. Isepgm hurdling Isepw walking Isepwb promenading RT promenades (pedestrian walkways) (Vskt) Isepwg race walking Iser combat skill sports RT combat dramas (Ljfc) Iserb boxing Iserbk kick boxing Iserd fencing Iserg gladiatorial combats Iserh martial arts Iserhb aikido Iserhc jiu-jitsu Iserhe judo Iserhg karate Iserhh tai chi Iserp wrestling Iserpg Greco-roman wrestling Iserpj arm wrestling Iserpk leg wrestling Iserpm thumb wrestling Iset tugging games Isetb tug of war Isete ear-pulling contests Isf snow and ice sports UF winter sports Isfc curling Isfg ice hockey RT field hockey (Isdkh) RT ice hockey equipment (Pqkpeme) Isfj ice-skating Isfjf figure skating Isfjfb ice dancing Isfjs speed skating Isfm skiing Isfmb cross-country skiing UF Nordic skiing Isfmd down-hill skiing Isfmj ski jumping Isfp sledding SN Sledding uses runners to slide as opposed to tobogganing in which the vehicle slides directly on snow. Isfpe bobsledding UF bobsleighing Isfph luge Isfpj dogsled racing Isfps skeleton racing (sledding) Isfr tobogganing Isfs snowboarding Isft snowshoeing Isfu biathlon RT firearms target shooting (Isrjb) Ish air sports SN Activities in which the participant flies. Isha air racing SN Use with types of air sports. Ishb ballooning Ishd gliding (air sports) Ishdb hang gliding Ishdd paragliding Ishdg airplane gliding UF gliding (airplanes) Ishf parachuting Ishfs skydiving Ishk airplane flying Ishks stunt flying Isr outdoor sports SN Use for activities intended to be mainly outdoor activities. Isrb camping RT camps (Ixbc) Isrbc campfire activities RT camp songs (Mfufa) Isrd hiking Isrdb backpacking Isrf kite flying Isrg mountaineering UF mountain climbing Isrgc ice climbing Isrgr rock climbing Isrh animal observation RT hunting of animals (Isrmd) Isrhc bird watching Isrhe whale watching Isrhs nature safaris Isrj shooting (weapons) Isrjb firearms target shooting RT biathlon (Isfu) Isrjbs skeet and clay pigeon shooting Isrjg archery Isrk sports fishing UF angling UF recreational fishing UF sport fishing RT fishing (Rme) Isrkf fly-fishing Isrkj ice fishing Isrm sports hunting RT hunting (Rmah) Isrmd hunting of animals SN Use with terms from ANIMALS (Uk). UF hunting safaris RT animal observation (Isrh) Isrmdf deer hunting Isrmdg fox hunting Isrmf hunting with animals Isrmfc falconry Ist sports using animals Istf animal fighting Istfb bullfighting Istfc bull baiting Istfd cockfighting Istfe dog fighting Istff fish fighting Istk animal racing Istkf dog racing Istkfg greyhound racing Istkh horse racing Istkhb dirt track racing (horse racing) Istkhd turf racing (horse racing) Istkhp harness racing Istkhpp pacing (horse racing) Istkhpt trotting (horse racing) Istkhs steeplechase (horse racing) Istr animal riding sports UF riding (of animals) Istrh horseback riding UF equestrianism Istrhb English horseback riding Istrhg Western horseback riding Istrhp dressage Istrhs horse jumping Istru rodeo sports Istrub barrel racing Istrud bull riding Istruf calf roping Istruh bronc riding Istruhb bareback bronc riding Istruhs saddle bronc riding Istrum pole bending Istrup trick riding Isu cycling UF bicycling UF biking Isub bicycle racing Isuc bicycle touring RT tourism (Ip) Isud mountain biking Isug spinning UF stationary bicycle exercise Isuk tricycle riding Isum unicycle riding Isw motor sports Iswc motorcar sports Iswcm motorcar racing Iswcs stunt car driving Iswcx demolition derbies Iswm motorcycling sports Iswmk motorcycle racing Iswmp stunt motorcycle riding It entertainment agents Itb entertainment agents (objects) RT entertainment equipment (Pqkp) Ite entertainment agents (people) RT art agents (human) (Ju) RT music agents (Mp) RT performance agents (St) Iteb entertainment production personnel SN Use for the people who work behind the scenes to produce, promote, and any other way support performers and other entertainment people. Itebb writers (entertainment) Itebbd dramatists UF dramaturges UF playwrights Itebbf script writers Itebc producers (entertainment) Itebd directors Itebe coaches (entertainment) SN Use for people who help train performers. Itebed drama coaches Itebes speech coaches Itebf managers (entertainment) Itebh actors Itebhi mummers Itebhj maskers Itebhk mimes Itebi prompters SN Use for people who prompt actors or singers to remember words, often during performances, particularly in operas and dramas. Itebk costume designers Itebm lighting designers Itebp sound engineers Itebpe sound effects creators Itebs stagehands Itebsr roadies Itebx reviewers SN Use for people who, most often in a professional capacity, give critical remarks as well as an overview of literature, performances, art works, films etc. RT literary critics (Lxbh) Itebxj judges (entertainment) SN Use for individuals or groups that act as judges for art competitions, dance contests, athletic events, etc. Iteby curators SN Use for people who select various forms of art or educational materials, etc. for presentation. Itebz dealers SN Use for people or companies who buy and sell objects, such as antiques, works of art, etc. Ited athletic personnel SN Use with specific sport terms. Itedb athletes Itede athletic coaches Itedg athletic teams Itedh athletic trainers Itedr referees Itef performers (entertainment) SN Practitioners of the performing arts such as singing, acting, playing a musical instrument, acting, etc. UF entertainers UF performing artists RT dancers (Nsh) RT music performers (Mpf) RT performers (performance agents) (Stb) Itefb acrobats Itefg comedic performers Itefgd clowns Itefgf comedians UF comics (humans) Itefgfb stand-up comedians UF stand-up comics Itefn narrators Itefp poetry reciters Itefpd dub poets Itefps slam poets RT spoken word poetry (Lfkks) Itefr rhetoricians RT speakers (Ksc) Itefro orators RT speakers (Ksc) Itefrr reciters Itefs street performers RT street musicians (Mpfs) Item magicians (entertainment) Itemc conjurers Ix entertainment contexts RT musical contexts (Mv) Ixb entertainment venues SN Use for venues and spaces specifically used for entertainment. RT art contexts (Jv) RT dance venues (Nv) RT literary venues (Ly) Ixba exhibition venues RT museums (Yzbec) Ixbae exhibition halls Ixbaf galleries Ixbah gardens (entertainment spaces) RT